Today's car designers face a major challenge with opportunities: customers need more connectivity and graphics, and are clearly willing to pay for it. Drivers and passengers naturally need basic operational information, but they also need real-time maps, entertainment and information. If they are used to it and actually like to use multiple screens in a home and office environment, how can they not want this in a mobile car environment?
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The reality is that for today's young car buyers, this connection and display has changed from "dispensable" to "necessary." Whether you call it an infotainment system, a smart drive interface, a connected car, a car cloud connection, or any other name, this trend will not change: it is becoming a standard accessory for all cars except low-end cars.
But we also face a technical problem. The manageable problems in a fixed home/office environment are quite different in a car environment. Supporting multiple screens is not only a matter of computing power. It also involves complex wiring, connectors, heat dissipation, and signal integrity issues, all of which are complex and severely constraining the automotive world.
In theory, three issues must be addressed: a high-performance interconnect network between the graphics processing core, multi-display, graphics engine, and display. Consider assembling an instrument panel on the car, a front passenger side display, a center console, and possibly a head-up display [HUD], a rear-view camera, or even a rear-seat surveillance camera. The biggest challenge is how to effectively use a single centralized set of graphics rendering and image processing kernels to support four, five or even more displays and cameras?
The obvious solution is to use large standard PC cables and interfaces like HDMI, but this approach doesn't work for a variety of reasons. First of all, the wiring of these cables is extremely labor intensive. Second, signal integrity is also a major problem in noisy automotive environments, especially at long distances. In addition, the cost and weight of the copper cabling is also a problem, and the connector itself is too large and awkward. Reliability and performance are not guaranteed in harsh automotive environments.
Fortunately, there is a solution that leverages existing mass consumer market technologies to adapt to economical and efficient ways to adapt to automotive applications and environments. First mentioned, today's video subsystem is capable of supporting 3D streaming video, with images visible to both the left and right eyes.
But with the proprietary technology of leading IC vendors such as Inova Semiconductors and Analog Devices, the stereo video format and HDMI interface are used to solve bandwidth issues and physical connectivity issues.
The interface trunk does not use a 19-wire HDMI cable, but only requires a 4-wire cable to provide differential signals through two pairs, using a "star-stranded four-core" structure with a 100Ω nominal impedance. The 1 Gbps APIX link introduced in 2007 (shown in Figure 1) proved to be efficient and reliable.
Figure 1: APIX Gigabit Data Link Launched in 2007
Of course, users will never be satisfied with speed, so the second-generation AIPX2 achieves 3 Gbps (as shown in Figure 2), which is backward compatible with the original APIX1 and has been in production since last year.
Figure 2: The second generation of APIX provides 3 Gbps of bandwidth.
AIPX2 is not just a concept of conception, it is currently used in cars driving on the road. At the Electronics Show in November 2012, Inova demonstrated the product at the Analog Devices booth, which delivers two uncompressed HD video streams, multi-channel audio over a single 4-wire shielded twisted-pair cable. And 100MB/s Ethernet data. This demo includes video conferencing and remote display touch surfaces connected by standard Ethernet protocols, as well as real-time user interfaces and integrated applications that use HDMI to connect to smartphones.
working principle
APIX2 continuously transmits data in units of frames (micro-packets) and supports video, audio and bus protocol formats using so-called data containers. (Figure 3) The necessary high-speed clock is synthesized by the transmitting device, not from the pixel clock of the graphics processor or camera; this makes the link highly immune to pixel clock jitter, enabling stable and reliable on relatively long cables. transmission.
Figure 3: The APIX2 frame contains two separate video streams, as well as audio and Ethernet data.
The architecture enables a simple, inexpensive display of "daisy chain" displays that are connected to individual displays using a splitter. Using an interface IC (such as the ADV7680 from ADI), the system can provide a connection between the bus and an HDMI-enabled GPU or CPU.
APIX2's net data rate is 2.8 Gbps (downlink) and 187.5 Mbps (uplink); this allows the transmission of two independent video streams, multi-channel digital audio and control data; in addition, even standard-compliant independent interfaces can be used (MII) to transfer Ethernet data. This method supports cable distances of up to 12 meters (sufficient for automotive needs) as its internal algorithms continually adjust the digital filters to maximize throughput and reduce bit error rates.
Another problem that cannot be ignored in automotive applications is the strict EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) radiation limit. The continuous serial flow of APIX2 technology provides an even distribution of the energy spectrum with an overall radiation level well below the maximum allowed.
Future cars: different from our imagination
There are countless conjectures about the car of the future: silent, flying and even driving. People have made great progress in the field of autonomous driving. For example, Google is working on this, but these prospectives did not imagine that the car would cover such a dense network, connect to the "cloud", and install driver's display and passenger information. Entertainment system. Cars are becoming an aircraft cockpit that is both a complex instrument, large amounts of data and multiple displays, as well as an infotainment center for passengers and even drivers.
Despite this, the expectations of today's car buyers (especially new car buyers who are accustomed to using digital access and connectivity) make this a market direction. For automotive suppliers, especially IC suppliers that offer these products, this is both a challenge and an opportunity: The challenge is to meet customer expectations for features, functionality and performance at an acceptable price, and the opportunity is to add value to the car. Content, gaining substantial profits and return on investment in the growth market.
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