Among all the sensors that are related to the autonomous driving vision system, laser radar is the most indispensable one. Affected by the continued popularity of the global autonomous driving battlefield, this track is now beginning to become crowded. In the past, Velodyne has a high-line harness LiDar research and development capability and large-scale production capacity to secure a "one brother" status, followed by Quanergy, LeddarTech As well as many industry rookies such as Sagitar Juchuang, they are “competitiveâ€, and the autopilot giants such as GM, Baidu, Ford and Anbofu continue to ignite, and the “river and lake†of Lidar is very lively.
At the same time, with the constant friction between the old and new technologies, today's laser radar "18 Arhats" has also begun to set up different technology camps, in order to shake the entire automatic driving "river and lake." Among them, the mechanical rotation scan represented by Velodyne, the MEMS represented by Sagitar, the phased array represented by Quanergy and the 3D Flash represented by LeddarTech have set up the four mainstream camps of the laser radar battlefield. In addition, new technologies such as Strobe's FM chirp, Oryx Vision's COR coherent light, and Opal's smart solid-state arrays are beginning to emerge, becoming an innovative force that breaks the traditional lidar technology.
1. Mechanical rotary scanning camp
Among all the types of lidars, the mechanical rotary scanning LiDar is the originator of the mountain, and under the guidance of the "river and brother" Velodyne, it has the first bloodway leading to the autonomous driving battlefield. In addition to Velodyne, Quanergy, Ouster, Ibeo and domestic Hesai Technology are also cultivating the market for mechanical rotary scanning laser radar. With the continuous improvement of the technology, LiDar products of higher and higher wire harnesses (such as 128 lines) have also been officially added to the battlefield through the hands of Velodyne. Velodyne also double-edged, further consolidating its dominant position in the industry, and also rotating the machine. LiDar remains active under the large-scale impact of the new solid-state lidar technology.
Mechanical rotary scanning lidar internal structure
However, in terms of long-term development and commercialization, due to the use of many mechanical parts of this type of product, the design principle and structure have become fixed, the price is high and the average failure time is only 1000-3000 hours, which is difficult to reach the OEMs. The minimum requirement is 13,000 hours. Therefore, the market for mechanical rotary scanning laser radar is not favored by car manufacturers and technology developers, which has led to the continued development of mixed solids in Quanergy and Ibeo, which have been continually deep-rooted in this field. And pure solid-state Lidar product routes.
2, MEMS camp
Compared with traditional mechanical multi-line laser radar, MEMS-type micro-galvanometer scheme for area scanning can greatly reduce the use of transmitters and receivers. This design allows the number of parts of the product to be drastically reduced, and the corresponding component costs can be significantly reduced, and a single molding can be achieved, which greatly reduces the development cost of LiDar and increases the production capacity.
In addition, because it can be made into solid-state laser radar, it is easier to achieve scale and commercialization. In recent years, it has been popular among more and more manufacturers in the world. At present, the main research and development of MEMS laser radar are Luminar, Innovusion of the United States, Innoviz of Israel, and domestic manufacturers such as Sagitar. Although the US company Cepton also has a part of MEMS, the company's laser radar is mainly implemented by Micro-moTIon technology, not pure MEMS LiDar technology.
3, phased array camp
Phased array technology was originally derived from military radar. This type of laser radar is equipped with a row of emitters that can change the relative phase of the signal to change the direction of the laser beam. There is no mechanical action in the whole process, only the electronic components themselves. Implement scanning. On the whole, the technical threshold of phased array is the most difficult one among the three solid-state laser radar schemes, and the development cost is also very high. At present, there are few enterprises that can truly achieve breakthroughs on the market, and most manufacturers are still in technical exploration. stage.
On this route, Quanergy is one of the representative manufacturers, in addition to the domestic radium intelligence and Sagitar. In fact, there is currently no clear product development route in the industry. Each family has its own coups. For example, Quanergy, the leader in the field, mainly controls the generation of laser beams and the scanning process through software. It only needs to adjust the different fields of view through algorithms. The point cloud density of the area can control the accuracy of the phased array radar. Similar to MEMS, with the further deepening of laser radar to solid-state, in recent years, the research and development of phased arrays has begun to rise rapidly in the field of laser radar, becoming a major force in the solid-state laser radar camp.
4, 3D Flash camp
Compared to MEMS and phased array two solid-state laser radars, the 3D Flash laser radar is more like a camera. It is a non-scanning laser radar product, and its laser beam will be directly diffused in all directions, similar to camera imaging. The CMOS sensor collects the reflected laser beam back. It can quickly record the entire scene, and the difficulty lies in the sensor that receives the signal, so it is currently at a disadvantage in performance compared to the first three. At present, the representative companies of the Flash camp Lidar products are LeddarTech, TetraVue and domestic manufacturers such as Kita Xingzi and Beike Tianqi.
5. Other innovative camps
Linear FM FM
Since Strobe was acquired by auto giant GM, FM LiDAR has received widespread attention in the industry. This kind of laser radar mainly emits a chirped laser, and only needs to measure the phase and frequency of the returning laser, and the system can directly obtain the distance and speed of the objects around the vehicle. This greatly reduces the computational load on the vehicle's "brains" and allows it to make decisions faster.
In addition, FM LiDAR has more advantages in its anti-interference ability. It does not need to be equipped with sensitive photodetectors. Only the optical resonator of "Echowall mode" can reduce the line width of the laser and bring more The precise signal, and the light from the resonator will return to the laser source, but the line width will be narrowed, and then only by adjusting the optical characteristics of the resonator, a highly linear FM laser can be obtained to meet the needs of autonomous vehicles. Kyle Vogt, CEO of Cruise AutomaTIon, also said that Strobe's linear-tuned lidar can be up to 25 cents in size and can reduce the cost of lidar by 99%, but the authenticity remains to be seen.
COR coherent light
The COR coherent optical product comes from the Israeli company Oryx Vision, which uses the company's technology called "nano-antennas" to receive electromagnetic waves and get more extra information. The advantage of this technology is to increase the range and sensitivity of the self-driving car to the outside world, so that it has a clearer understanding of the surrounding environment and what is happening. The Oryx antenna is capable of receiving electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 10 microns, so it can effectively penetrate the smoke and is not affected by strong light like the laser radar.
In addition, Oryx's COR-coherent light LiDar does not have any moving parts, and replaces the photodetector with nano-antenna technology to obtain the distance and velocity information of the spot in a high-resolution scan of the surrounding environment. Moreover, the laser uses a long-wavelength terahertz infrared laser, which is invisible to the human eye, so the COR-coherent LiDar system can achieve higher power than ordinary laser radar.
Solid surface array
The representative manufacturer of the solid-state array is the domestic light-spot intelligence. The technical route is to pass the pulsed laser through the homogenizing device and uniformly illuminate the detection direction according to the design angle. The backscattered pulsed laser is imaged on the area array sensor through a special lens. Each pixel on the sensor can detect the laser echo, and the system can obtain the distance of the corresponding point by calculating the flight time.
In terms of design, this scheme is relatively simple in structure and can be automated for mass production. In terms of performance, the solid-state array scheme can achieve higher spatial resolution. The area-array lidar can increase the vertical resolution by an order of magnitude compared with the 64-line lidar, not only to determine the relative position of the obstacle, but also to identify its properties. It avoids the application bottleneck of many traditional mechanical laser radars.
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