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In 1882, my country's first magnet telephone exchange was opened in Shanghai, which was the beginning of communication exchange in Chinese history. As of 2018, after 136 years, let’s take a look at which times China’s communication exchange history has gone through. Under the wave of the fourth industrial revolution of artificial intelligence, where is the future of communication exchange?
1. The era of traditional telephone exchanges
2. Traditional PSTN (Public Switched Telephone) Network Era
3. NGN next-generation network era
4. IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
01
The era of traditional telephone exchange
In February 1882, the Danish Great Northern Telegraph Company set up my country's first telephone office on the Bund, Shanghai, and the entire society at the end of the Qing Dynasty was basically using magnet telephones.
Little knowledge one:
Prior to this, telephone communication has undergone the development of several modes:
Direct connection mode:
Simply put, it is a point-to-point mode. Two wires connect two transmitters and receivers with exactly the same structure and equipped with a vibrating diaphragm on the electromagnet. First, the two ends can talk, but the talk distance is short and the efficiency is low.
Manual switch mode:
The operator controls where the message comes from and where it goes. When the user contacts the other party, he must first talk to the operator and ask who to call, and then the operator will continue to connect, so it is called the manual switch mode.
There are two types of manual switches: magnet type and common electric type.
The magnet telephone is powered by its own battery, and a hand-cranked generator sends a call signal.
The common-electric telephone sets provide centralized power supply, eliminating the need for hand-broadcast generators and dry batteries, and you can make a call when you pick up the phone.
During the subsequent Anti-Japanese War, in order to consolidate and facilitate the management of the Japanese puppet government, rotary dial type automatic telephones began to be widely used, also called step-by-step switches.
Little knowledge two:
Historically, the founder of the rotary dial automatic telephone was the owner of a funeral home. In order to ensure that his telephone orders would not be transferred to other funeral homes by the operator, it was a revolutionary improvement of the artificial switch. It can send out DC dial pulses, control the action of automatic switch, select the called user, and automatically complete the switching function.
After liberation, the country also began to develop its own crossbar telephone exchange.
In 1960, the first set of 1000 crossbar automatic telephone exchanges developed by our country was put into use in Shanghai Wusong Bureau.
In the middle and late 1980s, after nearly two decades of stagnation, a large number of Chinese communication equipment manufacturers have sprung up.
Their main research and development goals are program-controlled exchanges, especially small number of subscriber exchanges with low technical content. Among them, there are two companies that will grow into world-class communications giants-Huawei and ZTE.
Little knowledge three:
Seven Countries and Eight Systems in the Chinese Communication Market in the 1980s
(Seven countries and eight systems: At that time, there were a total of 8 standard models in the Chinese communications market, from 7 countries.)
In 1982, Fuzhou, Fujian introduced and opened Fujitsu's F-1.5 million program-controlled telephone exchange, which made a national sensation.
In 1984, Shanghai Bell Telephone Equipment Co., Ltd. was established. This is my country's first joint venture to develop program-controlled telephone exchanges, which will greatly help the development of China's later communications industry.
In 1985, AT&T, Nokia, and Ericsson, which were in the mood, came to set up offices one after another.
As a result, with the "help" of these foreign communications companies, our country soon entered the chaotic development stage of "seven countries and eight systems."
02
Traditional PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) network
Also called the era of program-controlled telephone exchanges.
In the 1990s, "five golden flowers" appeared in China's communications market, namely Julong, Datang, ZTE, Huawei and Jinpeng. They broke through the siege of foreign manufacturers, with low prices and government support, stood firm and changed the pattern of China's communications industry step by step.
At that time, due to poor rural line conditions and low profits, foreign manufacturers did not have the energy or disdain to expand. Chinese local manufacturers are taking advantage of the situation and entering.
Settled in the countryside.
Their telecommunications equipment is gradually being set up in wide-area rural areas, and the rural telephone exchanges developed by them continue to occupy market capacity and obtain new development breakthroughs.
By 1993, the installed capacity of ZTE’s 2000 digital exchanges for office use accounted for 18% of the country’s annual new capacity of rural telephones.
But it is not limited to the rural market. Two Chinese companies, ZTE and Huawei, quickly adjusted their strategies and soon launched program-controlled switches with more than 10,000 doors.
In November 1995, the ZXJ10 large-capacity office digital program-controlled switch developed by ZTE Corporation was granted a network access license issued by the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, with a final office capacity of 170,000 lines. In the same year, Huawei also launched the C&C08C model of Wanmenji.
Datang Electronics, a latecomer, was established in 1993 and inherited the technology and personnel of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications for scientific research in telecommunications. In 1995, it launched the SP30 super digital program-controlled switch with a capacity of more than 100,000 doors.
In the 1990s, the speed of information technology development was like the Shenzhen Development Special Zone established by Grandpa Deng with a wave of his hand. It can be described as "a great leap".
03
NGN Next Generation Network Era
Next GeneraTIon Network
With the popularization of computers, the Internet began to rise and grew rapidly, gradually affecting our lives. The most significant feature of the NGN era is softswitching. Compared with hard switching, softswitching separates different functional entities to perform their duties and performs flexible scheduling, which is conducive to function and capacity expansion.
The most important change is the communication method. In the past, there were only telegrams and telephones. Now, with the rise of mobile communications, mobile phones have become people's new favorites.
Program-controlled digital switching and digital transmission are combined to form an integrated service digital network (ISDN). It transmits voice and data at a higher rate and quality through ordinary copper cables. It not only realizes telephone exchange, but also realizes the exchange of fax, data, and image communication.
The multimedia era has officially arrived.
After entering the 21st century, traditional telephone exchanges were eliminated and speeded up, and program-controlled exchanges began to withdraw from the stage of history. NGN can be said to be the final curtain call for the fixed telephone network.
04
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) era
Now, NGN will also withdraw from the stage of history. It is replaced by the famous and frightening IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem).
IMS is considered to be the core technology of the NGN next-generation network, and it is also an important way to solve the integration of mobile and fixed networks and introduce differentiated services such as the triple integration of voice, data, and video.
IMS was proposed in the 3GPPRelease 5 version and is a general term for the logic function entities of the core layer of the network that control IP multimedia services.
IMS was first proposed in the R5 version, and then further improved in the R6 and R7 versions.
Little knowledge four:
3GPP R5 mainly defines the core structure of IMS, network element functions, interfaces, and processes. The R6 version adds some IMS service features, interworking specifications between IMS and other networks, and wireless local area network (WLAN) access features, etc.; R7 version strengthens For the standardization of fixed and mobile convergence, IMS is required to support fixed access methods such as digital subscriber line (xDSL) and cable modem.
The main application of IMS
Mobile network applications
It mainly uses IMS to provide multimedia value-added services such as PoC, instant messaging, and video sharing on the basis of mobile networks.
IPCENTREX service provides VoIP applications to fixed broadband users.
Application integration: the integration of WLAN and 3G, 4G, and 5G.
The user has a WLAN/WCDMA dual-mode terminal. In the coverage area of ​​the WLAN, WLAN access is generally preferred, because the service charges for users in this way are lower and the bandwidth for data services is more sufficient.
After leaving the coverage area of ​​the WLAN, the terminal automatically switches to the WCDMA network, thus realizing the continuity of voice between WLAN and WCDMA.
The IMS era has replaced the NGN era, and the WLAN/WCDMA dual-mode architecture has started the commercial application of IP multimedia subsystems. The Mesh network will be the most promising new wireless networking technology emerging in wireless networks!
The next generation wireless network will be the stage of Mesh networking technology!
05
The INE intelligent connection ecology will lead the arrival of a new era of communication exchange
INE Zhilian Ecological Mesh Network Framework Node
INE Mesh has a powerful area network access function. Mesh self-organizing wireless network and automatically configurable wireless network can provide mobile users with flexible and adaptive wireless Internet connections, which can be applied to various wireless access technologies.
For example, wireless local area network (WLAN), wireless personal area network (WPN), and wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) technologies based on IEEE802.11, IEEE802.15, and IEEE802.16 protocols.
INE Zhilian Ecological Mesh Network Platform
Each base station or access point can be used as a relay node of INE Mesh to forward the traffic of other base stations to the Internet. In the end user frame structure, both the base station and the user terminal can be used as relay nodes to forward neighboring nodes Therefore, the coverage of the base station is expanded and the link performance of the network is improved.
And set up a dedicated regional wireless Mesh network platform, and develop various application services on this basis, to achieve the integration of the regional internal construction management incentive mechanism.
INE Smart Link Eco Mesh Network Ecosystem
The potential application scenarios of INE Mesh can be applied to the backhaul transmission of cellular networks, home networks, enterprise networks, public networks and intelligent transmission system networks, and are fully deployed in various scenarios of the social Internet, and based on the differences in the scenarios, the STPS Octopus based on the INE intelligent connection ecology can be constructed. The exclusive regional ecological network of fish technology realizes exclusive management in different scenarios.
All scenes are assembled in the INE Mesh central gateway, and finally all scenes and different types of application and management coordination are achieved.
Combine it with the token economy of the blockchain and apply it as an incentive mechanism to the entire INE Mesh network social ecology, giving play to the self-organization and self-extension characteristics of each relay node to ensure the continuous power of the ecology.
From the history of China's one-hundred-year communications exchange, we can clearly see the trajectory of the development of all aspects of Chinese society, and the development speed of information technology in the past two decades has been particularly obvious.
On the contrary, the fourth industrial revolution and the arrival of the Internet 3.0 era will surely give birth to a global HP global, serving all the underlying network architecture of the Internet of Things, AI, manufacturing equipment and other intelligent end.
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